Solute: substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Solvent: Ice Tea – Water the solvent and tea and sugar the solutes
Cohesion: water attracted to other water molecules because of polar properties
Adhesion: water attracted to other materials
Surface tension: Water is pulled together creating the smallest surface area possible
Capillary action: Water is attracted to some other material then through cohesion, other water molecules move to as a result of the original adhesion
It takes much more energy to raise the temperature of water compared to other solvents because hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together
Water has a high heat capacity
Density: Water is less dense as a solid this is because the hydrogen bonds are stable in ice – each molecule of water is bound to four of its neighbors, allows life to happen
Salinity Total amount of solid material dissolved in water
it can be determined by measuring water conductivity
typically expressed in parts per thousand
Average seawater salinity =35%
Temperature has the greatest influence on surface seawater density
Pressure increase salinity increase and temperature increases increase density
2nd Water Notes
ALL freshwater comes from two sources
Surface water
Lakes, ponds, rivers and streams all water above ground
Most urban areas rely on surface water
Supply resources and allow for travel/trade
Ground water
Water that seeps below ground
Some is taken up and used by plants
Large amounts of water found underground in rocks called aquifers
Runoff
Water flowing down slope along earths surface or seeping into the ground
Ends up in a stream or lake, evaporate or accumulate into puddles
Runoff or seep?
Vegetation allows for loose soil allowing water to enter the ground
Rate of precipitation soil clumps together closing pores
Soil composition
Decayed organic matter helps water go into the ground
Clay would help water run-off of the soil
Water will go straight through sand because it has big pores
Slopes
Steep: allows for high runoff a little absorption
Surface water flows in thin sheets and eventually collects in small channels
Channels can become a stream filling more each time it rains
Water sheds
Drainage basin
Land where all water drains into
Divide
High land area that separates watersheds
Stream load
Whatever a river carries
Solution
Material that has been dissolved
Depends on what rock the river flows through and the erosion rate
Suspended partials can be measured by turbidity
Faster moving rivers suspend it for longer
Bed load
Turbulence of water pushes heavy things
Pebbles and cobbles
Larger velocity – large objects